http://exhibits.library.stonybrook.edu/mfp/files/original/c02d31143a5f498973505a8a964ce076.pdf b8c3ce2c33d87b8f3f28b4f66c1d2afb PDF Text Text Reprinted from Neuro-Psychopharrnacology EEG AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS* M. FINK Department of Experimental Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, Long Island, N. Y. (U.S.A.) Recent studies have presented data supporting a neurophysiologic—adaptive View of the convulsive therapy process“: 15. This hypothesis holds that the clinical efficacy of repeated induced convulsions is dependent upon the induction of a persistent alteration in cerebral function, which provides the milieu for changes in the subject’s inter— action with the environment. In these studies the best index of neurophysiologic change has been those aspects of cerebral function reflected by 8 activity in the electroencephalogramS—lo. The efficacy of newer psychopharmaceuticals in altering psychotic behavior patterns led to the suggestion of a similar hypothesis for the mode of action of these agents“, and to studies of the relationship and specificity of altered behavioral patterns to neurophysiologic change as reflected in electroencephalography. This report summarizes some of the experimental data observed in on—going tests of this hypo— thesis. ‘ SUBJECTS AND METHODS We have studied consecutive patients, suffering from depressive psychoses, agitated and excited schizophrenic states and severe psychoneurotic disorders, referred for physiodynamic therapies (convulsive, psychotropic drug, insulin coma) in a voluntary, open—ward, psychiatric hospital. Serial electroencephalograms were taken prior to, Aided, in part, by grants M-927 and MY—2092, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S.P.H.S., and Bristol, Wyeth and Smith, Kline and French Laboratories. * References p. 446 . �M. FINK 442 during and after the course of therapy. In addition, at various stages of the treatment As done. convulsive both studies chlorand were acute experimental program promazine therapies elicit varying degrees of EEG slow wave activity, these acute observations have been made in two groups of subjects: those without slow wave activity, and those with diffuse slow wave (HSD, LSD) or burst and slow wave (BSD) activity”. Observations have been made in the EEG laboratory. Following a routine bipolar EEG recording, an unstructured psychiatric interview was tape—recorded. Under continuous EEG recording, medication was administered intravenously at a set rate until EEG or behavioral effects were observed. Following the injection the interview was repeated and recorded. Periods of EEG recording and interview recording were alternated for the duration of the drug activity. Behavioral evaluations have been based both on clinical descriptions by the participants (subject, physician and technician) and analyses of changes in language patterns12:14. Electroencephalograms were measured for shifts in dominant frequencies, and changes in voltage, modulation, and per cent time of or, {3 and 8 frequency bands. The psychopharmacologic agents were administered orally for extended periods in clinical trials, and intravenously in the acute experimental trials (Table I). Dosage for each compound varied, but in each instance sufficient medication has been given to achieve clinical behavioral effects. TABLE I PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS STUDIED (Oral and intravenous) Chlorpromazine Prom azine Triflupromazine Perphenazine * Reserpine Iproniazid ** Deanola ** Amobarbital ** Thiopental Atropine Diethazine Amphetamine Methamphetamine Meprobamate * ** LSD—2 5b ** Win—22996 ** J B—3 I 8d J B-336e ** Benactyzine Dimethylaminoethanoll". b Lysergic acid diethylamide. 0 2-Diethylaminoethyl cyclopentyl (2-thieny1) glycolatel“. d N—Ethyl—3-piperidy1 benzilatel. e N-Methy1-3—piperidyl benzilatel. a * Oral only. H Intravenous only. OBSERVATIONS (a) Electroencephalographic Four broad types of EEG patterns may be identified according to the characteristics of frequency shift and synchronization‘l: References 35. 446. �443 INVESTIGATONS IN NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS I) Increase in slow wave activity and in synchrony; Increase in synchrony without frequency shift; 3) Increase in fast wave activity and in synchrony; 4) Desynchronization and frequency irregularity. Examples of each are seen in Figs. 1—4. During convulsive therapy, an increase in slow wave activity and synchrony is manifests. With drug administration similar changes in frequency spectrum and in synchrony can be observed. Such changes include an augmentation of the slow wave activity8 or a marked decrease in such activity with desynchronization of frequencies? .Of the psychopharmaceuticals tested in acute experiments an increase in synchrony With or Without an increase in slow Wave activity has been observed for chlorpromazine, promazine, and triflupromazine. Barbiturates regularly induce an increase in fast activity With an increase in synchrony, While amphetamine and 2) W W W MW W WWW WWW |600 PER DAY 3 MONTHS IZOO MG PER DAY 2 MONTHS PRE-DRUG LAT—LF MG WWW/WWW , LPT-LO ‘ 0-0 RPT-RO JWVWWMMNMM it 2049 HH 4* 2143 HH 2l95 50M— ISEC HH Fig. I. Chlorpromazine, oral (male, age I 5). 800 - PRE-DRUG MG | ‘WWW ' PER DAY MONTH wwwwvwwwmmwm LAT'LF AFTER 350 MG LAT-LF RAT-RF RAT-RF \ LF-RF ’ LF-RF W LPT‘LO LPT-LO NWWMMWM WWWNWWWWMWWVI o-o “MIN/WWW . MAM/WM wmwm |9|5 # |962 SOle—l RPT-RO a: W W W W mm PRE-DRUG HH - SEC HH Fig. 2. Chlorpromazine, oral (female, age 34). www—fiu o-o M‘WVWM WWW , Ill/WWW RPT-RO 5°VV‘—_|SEC #0 2'51 HH Fig. 3. Amobarbital, intravenous (male, age 31). methamphetamine increase fast activity Without increased synchrony. Desynchronization of frequencies is prominent after diethazine, LSD-25, Win-2299, JB-3I8, JB-336, and benactyzine. Refeyences p. 446. �M. FINK 444 In subjects with post—convulsive 3 activity, acute administration of chlorpromazine, promazine, triflupromazine, amobarbital and pentothal increased the per W W ,W W W» PRE-bRUG LF-LO WWW _ MIN + 80 MIN wWWM-NMWNM Rf-RO LAT-LP + 40 AFTER 3.2 mg .. RAT-RF LPT-LO . I 0-0 “WW“M‘M‘WW“ RPT-RO WWWW WW WW | SEC #ZOISIHH Fig. 4. Win-2299, intravenous (female, age 41). cent time and voltage of slow wave activity. Decrease in voltage and per cent time of slow wave activity is seen with LSD-25, benactyzine, Win—2299, JB-3I8, JB-336 and diethazine5’ 6. Similar electrographic patterns are noted in chronic oral administration of these compounds. Chlorpromazine, promazine, high doses of reserpine and occasionally perphenazine elicit increased synchronization and a shift of frequencies to the 8 range. Increased synchronization without frequency shift is occasionally observed with iproniazid. Increased high voltage fast activity is observed with meprobamate and barbiturates. Oral administration of LSD-25 and benactyzine induces EEG desynchronization with an increase in fast frequencies. (6) Behavioral Initial studies of convulsive therapy noted that behavioral change was dependent upon the development of synchronous slow wave activitys. Prominent among the associated behavioral effects were sedation, tranquillization and euphoria in agitated, depressed subjects, and a decrease in somatization, paranoid ideation, hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenic and excited subjects. Increasing agitation, paranoid ideation and panic were observed in less than IO 0/0 of the subjects. Similar behavioral relationships were prominent with these psychopharmacologic agents. In acute experiments, administration of chlorpromazine, promazine and triflupromazine was associated with increasing sedation, drowsiness, denial and euphoria, decreasing agitation, panic, excitement and delusional and hallucinatory activity, and minimization and displacement of symptoms. Sedation, euphoria, denial and minimization were similarly associated with amobarbital. Administration of amphetamine and methamphetamine resulted in behavioral alerting, hypomania, excitement, and increased motor activity. Similar increased alerting, excitement, tension and panic were observed after benactyzine. In addition to these patterns, illusory sensations and hallucinatory, delusional and paranoid ideation were observed with diethazine, LSD-25, Win-2299, JB—3I8, and J 13-336- References {3. 446. �INVESTIGATIONS IN NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS 445 Equally prominent with the behavioral changes were alterations in patterns of language. Previous studies of convulsive therapy had indicated that specific syntactic language patterns (as in the use of the third person mode, past and future tense, dis— placement, minimization, denial, clichés, and cryptic remarks) increased with increasing neurophysiologic change”. These language patterns were further exaggerated by intravenous amobarbita114’15. In the present studies, chlorpromazine, triflupromazine and iproniazid increased these language patterns. Diethazine, LSD—25, Win-2299, and benactyzine decreased and reversed these language patterns, increasing the use of the present tense, first person mode, and somatization7. Relation of behavioral and electrographic observations The electrographic patterns Were consistently altered concurrently with behavioral changes both in the acute and chronic administration studies. Tranquillization, euphoria, sedation and minimization of symptoms were commonly associated with increased EEG synchronization and shift of frequencies to the delta range. Agitation, tension, panic, excitement, illusions and hallucinations were associated with a desynchronization of frequencies. Similar patterns were demonstrated in subjects with prior 8 activity. Agents that tended to synchronize frequencies, as chlorpromazine and barbiturates, augmented the per cent time 8 activity and enhanced clinical patterns, while agents that desynchronized frequencies, as diethane, LSD—25 and benactyzine, minimized the clinical effects ascribed to repeated convulsions5-7. (0)} DISCUSSION These observations are consistent with the neurophysiologic—adaptive hypothesis of the mode of action of the newer psychopharmaceuticals“. This hypothesis states that the clinical efficacy of psychotropic drugs is dependent upon the induction of a per— sistent alteration in cerebral function which provides the milieu for changes in the subjects’ interaction with the environment. The variety of neurophysiologic patterns induced by these agents is in contrast to the limited patterns resulting from convulsive therapy and thus provides amplification of the original hypothesis. It is evident from these studies that the type of neurophysiologic alteration induced, as reflected in EEG synchrony and frequency patterns, is related to specific types of behavioral adaptation. With increasing synchrony and a shift to the 8 frequency spectrum, tranquillization, sedation and decreased agitation become prominent, while desynchronization and a shift to [3 frequencies are associated with excitement, illusions and delusional ideation. These studies are also consistent with numerous reports of the neurophysiologic effects of these compoundsm’ll’ 13:19:21, and specifically support and amplify those of WIKLER who concluded, in his studies of morphine and mescaline, that “regardless of the nature of the drug administered, shifts in the pattern of the electroencephalogram in the direction of desynchronization occurred in association with anxiety, hallucinations, fantasies, illusions or tremors, and in the direction of synchronization with euphoria, relaxation or drowsiness”2°. This hypothesis, and the electrographic measure of neurophysiologic change, lends itself to application in the assay of new psychotropic drugs“, the rational References p. 446. �446 M. FINK application of pharmacotherapy7, and as a basis for further experimental study of neurophysiologic—behaviora1 relationships in psychiatry. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful for the cooperation of the following laboratories who made supplies of the various psychopharmaceuticals freely available: Ciba Pharmaceutical Prods. (reserpine), Lakeside Laboratories (JB—318, 336), Eli Lilly & Co. (amobarbital), Merck, Sharpe & Dohme (benactyzine), Riker Laboratories (deanol), Roche Laboratories (iproniazid), Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (LSD-25), Schering Corp. (perphenazine), Smith, Kline & French Laboratories (chlorpromazine, diethazine), E. R. Squibb & Sons (triflupromazine), Winthrop Laboratories (Win—2299), Wyeth Laboratories (promazine, meprobamate) . REFERENCES 1 L. G. ABOOD, A. M. OSTFELD AND J. BIEL, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 97 (1958) 483. 2 3 4 5 6 7 K. ANDERMANN, Med. ]. Australia, 2 (1957) 1. P. B. BRADLEY AND J. ELKES, Brain, 80 (1957) 77. M. FINK, ]. Hillside Hosp, 6 (1957) 197. M. FINK, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 80 (1958) 380. M. FINK, Electroencephalog. and Clin. Neurophysiol., IO (1958) 776. M. F INK, J. JAFFE AND R. L. KAHN, Drug—induced changes in interview patterns: linguistic and neurophysiologic indices, in J. SARWER-FONER, The Dynamics of Psychiatric Drug Therapy, Springfield, Ill. 8 M. FINK AND R. L. KAHN, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 78 (1957) 516. 9 M. FINK, R. L. KAHN AND M. A. GREEN, Diseases of Nervous System, 19 (1958) 113. 10 M. FINK, R. L. KAHN AND H. KORIN, Proc. Intern. Congr. Neurol. Sci, 1957, Brussels, in the press. 11 S. GARATTINI AND V. GHETTI, Psychotropic Drugs, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957. 12 J. JAFFE, ]. Hillside Hosp, 6 (1957) 207. 13 R. S. JORGENSEN AND M. H. WULFF, Electroencephalog. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 10 (1958) 325. 14 R. L. KAHN AND M. FINK, in P. HOCH AND J. ZUBIN, Psychopathology of Communication, Grune & Stratton, New York, 1958, p. 126. 15 R. L. KAHN, M. FINK AND E. A. WEINSTEIN, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 76 (1956) 23. 13 H. PENNES AND P. HOCH, Am. Psychiat., 113 (1957) 887. ]. 17 C. C. PFEIFFER et al., Science, 126 (1957) 610. 13 H. STRAUSS, M. OSTOW AND L. GREENSTEIN, Diagnostic Electroencephalography, Grune & Stratton, New York, 1952. 19 G. VERDEAUX AND R. MARTY, Rev. neurol., 91 (1954) 405. 20 A. WIKLER, Nervous Mental Disease, 120 (1954) 157. ]. 21 D. L. WINFIELD AND G. H. AIVAZIAN, Electroencephalog. and Clin. Neurophysiol., 10 (1958) 575. C. C. THOMAS, Printed in The Netherlands �EEG and Behavioral Effects of Psychopharmacologic Agents Max From Fink MOD. the Department of Ekperimental Psychiatry, Hillside Heapital, Glen Oaks, L010, NIY. Institute of Mental in part, by grants III-927 and MY—2092 , National Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S.P.H.S., and Bristol, Smith, Kline Aided, French and Wyeth Laboratories. Read at the Collegian Internationale Neuro-Psychophamacologicum, September 12, 1958. IV:9-3-53 Rune, and �EEG and Behavioral Effects of ggzchophgrmacologic Aggnts Recent studies have presented data supporting a neurophysiologica adaptive view of the convulsive therapy process (1, 2). This hypothesis holds that the clinical efficacy of repeated induced convulsions is dependent upon the induction of a persistent alteration in cerebral function, which provides the milieu for changes in the subject's interaction with the environment. In these studies the best index of neuroplnrsiologic change has been those aspects of cerebral function reflected by delta activity in the electroencephalogram (3 ,h,5). efficacy of newer psychopharmaceuticals in altering psychotic behavior patterns led to the suggestion of a similar hypothesis for the mode of action of these agents (2), and to studies of the relationship The and specificity of altered behavioral patterns to neurophysiologjc as reflected in electroencephalogram. experimental data observed in ongoing SUBJECTS AND We change This report smunarizes some of the tests of this hypothesis. MODS: patients, suffering from depressive excited schizophrenic states and severe psycho- have studied consecutive psychoses, agitated and neurotic disorders, referred for physiodynamic therapies (convulsive, psychotropic drug, insulin coma) in a voluntary, open-wand, psychiatric hospital. Serial electroencephalograms were taken prior to, during and sitar the course of therapy. In addition, at various stages of the treatment and program acute experimental studies were done. As both convulsive chlorpromazine therapies elicit varying degrees of EEG slow wave activity, �.2these acute observations have been made in without slow wave activity, and those with diffuse s1 or burst EEG w wave (HSD, LSD) activity (6). and leW'WaVB (BSD) Observations have been bipolar of subjects: those two groups in the made laboratory. Following a routine EEG recording, an unstructured psychiatric interview recorded. Under continuous EE‘3 intravenously at a set rate until was recording, medication was administered EEG or behavioral effects were observed. Following the injection the interview was repeated and recorded. EEG drug tape- Periods of recording and interview recording were alternated for the duration of activity. Behavioral evaluations have been based both on clinical descriptions by the participants (subject, physician changes in language patterns and technician) and analyses of (7,8). Electroencephalograms were measured for shifts in dominant frequencies, and changes in voltage, modulation, and per cent time of alpha, beta and delta frequency bands. The psychopharmacologic agents were administered periods in clinical trials (Table I). trials, Dosage and intravenously for each compound orally for extended in the acute experimental varied, but in each instance sufficient medication has been given to achieve clinical behavioral effects. �I TABLE PSYCHOPHARMAGOIDGIC AGENTS STUDIED (Oral and Intravenous) chlorpromazine amobarbital atropine ** promazine thiopenzal ** diethazine ** LSD-25 triflupromazine (b) " perphenazine amphetamine Win~2299 reserpine* methamphetamine JB-318 (c) (d) ** JB—336 (e) iproniazid deanol (a) meprobamate ** * benactyzine a. dimethylaminoethanol (9 ) b. lysergic acid diethylamide c. 2-d1ethylaminoethyl cyclopentyl (2-thieny1) glycolate (10) d. n~ethyl-3~p1peridy1benzilate (11) e. n-methyl—B—p1peridy1benzilate (11) * oral only ** intravenous only ** �OBSERVATIONS: (a) Electroencephalographic: patterns, observed on acute drug be identifieci according to the characteristics Four broad types of administration, of frequency may shift EEG and synchronization (2): activity in synchrony; 1) Increase in slow 2) Increase in synchrony without frequency shift; 3) Increase in wave fast wave activity and and h) Desynchronization and frequency Examples of each are seen in figures l-h. -0- ---”-“-U- u -- Fig. 1, 2, 3, ,4 in synchrony; irregularity. �-5 During convulsive therapy, an increase in slow wave synchrony is manifest. (Fig.5) ‘iith Fig. activity and drug administration similar changes 5 -------in frequency spectrum and in synchrony are observed (Figs. 6, 7). Figs. 6 7 0f the psychophnrmaceuticals tested in acute experiments in synchrony with Sr without an increase in observed for chlorpromazine, promazine regularly induced an increase and slow wave triflupromazine. in fast activity with an prominent after diethazine, increase activity has been Barbiturates increase in synchrony, while amphetamine and methamphetamine increased without increased synchrony. an fast activity Desynchronization of frequencies was LSD-25, Win-2299, JB-BlB, JB-336 and benactyzine. In subjects with post-convulsive delta activity, acute administration of chlorpromazine, promazine, triflupromazine, amobarbital and pentothal increased the per cent time and voltage of slow wave activity. Decrease in voltage and per cent time of slow wave activity was seen with LSD-25, benactysine, Win-2299, JB-318, JB~336, and diethazine (12-13). Similar electrographic patterns administration of these compounds. were noted in chronic oral Chlorpromazine, promazine, high do$s of reserpine and occasionally perphenazine elicited increased synchronization and a shift of frequencies to the delta range. Increased �.6synchronization without frequency shift was occasionally observed with iproniazid. Increased high voltage fast activity was observed with meprobamate and barbiturates. benactyzine induced EEG Oral administration of LSD-25 and desynchronization with an increase in fast frequencies. (b2 Behavioral: Initial studies of convulsive therapy noted that behavioral change was dependent upon the development of synchronous slow wave (3). Prominent among tranquillization activity the associated behavioral effects were sedation, and euphoria in agitated, depressed subjects, and a decrease in somatization, paranoid ideation, hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenic ideation and excited subjects. Increasing agitation, paranoid and panic were observed in less than Similar behavioral relationships pharmacologic agents. 10% of the subjects. were prominent with these psycho~ In acute experiments, administration of chlorpromazine, promazine and triflupromazine was associated with increasing sedation, drowsiness, denial and euphoria, decreasing agitation, panic, excitement and delusional and hallucinatory activity, and minimization and displacement of symptoms. Sedation, euphoria, denial and minimization were similarly associated with amobarbital. Administration of amphetamine and methamphetamine resulted in behavioral alerting, hypomania, excitement, and increased motor activity. Similar increased alerting, excitement, tension and panic were observed after benactyzine. In addition to these patterns, illusory sensations and hallucinatory, delusional diethazine, and paranoid ideation LSD-25, Win-2299, JB-318 and JB—336. were observed with �-7Equally prominent with the behavioral changes were alterations in patterns of language. Previous studies of convulsive therapy had indicated that specific syntactic language patterns (as in the use of the third person mode, past and future tense, displacement, minimization, denial, cliches, and cryptic remarks) increased with increasing neurophysiologic change (7). These language patterns were further exaggerated by intravenous amobarbital (l, 7). In the present studies, chlorpromazine, triflupromazine and iproniazid increased these language patterns. Diethazine, LSD-25, Win-2299, and benactyzine decreased and reversed these language patterns, increasing the use of the present tense, first person mode, and somatization (1h). (0) Relation of Behavioral The and Electrqgraphic Observations: electrographic patterns were consistently altered concurrently with behavioral changes both in the acute and chronic administration studies. Tranquillization, euphoria, sedation.and minimization of symptoms were commonly synchronization and associated with increased EEG shift of frequencies to the delta range. Agitation, tension, panic, excitement, illusions and hallucinations were associated with a desynchronization of frequencies. Similar patterns were demonstrated in subjects with prior delta activity. Agents that tended to synchronize frequencies, as chlorpromazine and barbiturates, augmented the per cent time delta activity and enhanced clinical patterns, while agents that desynchroniaed frequencies, as diethazine, LSD-2S and benactyzine, minimized the clinical effects ascribed to repeated convulsions (12, 13, 1h). �-8DISCUSSION: These observations are consistent with the neurophysiologic-adaptive hypothesis of the mode of action of the newer psychopharmaceuticals (2). is This hypothesis states that the clinical efficacy of psychotropic drugs persistent/alteration in cerebral function which provides the milieu for changes in the subjects' interaction with the dependent upon the induction of a variety of neurophysiologic patterns induced by these agents is in contrast to the limited patterns resulting from convulsive therapy and thus provide amplification of the original hypothesis. It is environment. The evident from these studies that the type of neurophysiologic alteration induced, as reflected in EEG synchrony and frequency to specific types of behavioral adaptation. a With patterns, is related increasing synchrony shift to the delta frequency spectrum, tranquillization, sedation and and decreased agitation become prominent, while desynchronization and a shift to beta frequencies are associated with excitement, illusions and delusional ' ideation. These studies are also consistent with numerous reports of the neuroand physiologic effects of these compounds (15-20), and specifically support amplify those of Wikler who concluded, in his studies of morphine and mescaline, that "regardless of the nature of the drug administered, shifts in the pattern of the electroencephalogram in the direction of desynchroniza- tion occurred in association with anxiety, hallucinations, fantasies, illusions or tremors, and in the direction of synchronization with euphoria, relaxation or drowsiness" (21). This hypothesis, and the electrographic measure of neurophysiologic change, lends itself to application in the assay of the rational application of pharmacotherapy (lb), new psychotropic drugs and as a (2% basis for further experimental study of neurophysiologic-behavioral relationships in psychiatry. �SUMMKRI AND CONCLUSIONS: The relation between electroencephalographic change and behavioral response was determined on acute and chronic administration of a variety of psychopharmacologic agents in voluntary, openoward, psychiatric patients. EEG patterns were classed according to effects on synchrony and frequency patterns. Behavioral and language pattern changes were noted as concurrent with Agents EEG response. that induced an alteration in neurophysiology manifest as increased synchrony and frequency slowing in EEG were associated with behavioral sedation, tranquillity, and minimization of symptoms. Increased synchrony and increased frequency were associated with sedation, euphoria, hypomania and decreased somatization. Desynchronization of frequencies was accompanied by increasing agitation, excitement, somatization, illusory phenomena and and hallucinatory delusional ideation. The neurophysiologiccadaptive hypothesis of the psychotropic drugs is supported; mode of action of and the value of electroencephalography in the behavioral assay of these agents is suggested. �-10REFERENCES and Weinstein, E.A.: Relation of Amobarbital Test to Clinical Improvement in Electrashack, A.M.A. Arch. Neural. & Psychiat. 1Q: 23-29, 1956. l. Kahn, R.L. , Fink, 2. Fink, 3. Fink, h. Fink, M., Kahn, R.L. and Green, M.A.: Experimental Studies of the Electroshock Process, Dis. Nerv. . 12: 113-118, 1958. M.: A M. Unified Theory of the Action of Physiodynamic Therapies, J. Hillside Hosp. é: 197-206, 1957. Balatian of EEG Delta Activity to Behavioral Response in ElectraShock: Quantitative Serial Studies, A.M.A. Arch. Neural. & Psychiat. 1.8.: 516-525, 1957. M. and Kahn, R.L.: a Fink, , Kahn, R.L. and Karin, H.: Relation of Tests of Altered Brain Function to Behavioral Change Following Induced Convulsions, Prac. Int. Cong. Neural. Sci,, 1957, Brussels, (in press). M. Strauss, , Ostaw, ography, Grune H. Kahn, R.L. and M. & and Greenstein, L.: Diagnostic Electroencephal- Stratton, N.Y., 1952. Fink, M. : Changes in Language During Electroshock and Therapy, in Psychopathalgg of Comunication eds. Hoch, P. Zubin, J., Grune & Stratton, NJ. 1958, 33-139. Jai‘fe, J .: An J. Hillside Hosp. é: 207-215, 1957. - Pfeiffer, C.C. et a1.: Stimulant Effect of 2 - dimethylaminoethanal _12__§: 610-611, views, 9. 10. Objective Study of Communication in Psychiatric Inter- Precursor of Brain Acetylcholine, Science Pogsible 19 7. Pennes, H. and Hach, P.: Psychatomimetics, Clinical and Theoretical Considerations, Amer. J. Psychiatn 113: 887-892, 1957. Abaod, L.G., Osti‘ield, A.M. and Biel, J.: mimetic Agents, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. A New Group of Psychoto- Med. 21: h83-h86, 1958. Effect of Anti-Cholinergic Agent, Diethazine, on ER} and 12. Fink, 13. Fink, M.: Effect of Anti-Cholinergic Compounds an Post-convulsive EEG and Behavior, EEG. Clin. Neurophysiol. (in press). 14.: Behavior: Significance for Theory of Convulsive Therapy, A.M.A. Arch. Neural. & Psychiat; (in press). �-11.. REFERENCES Fink, M. and Jaffe, J.: Drug Induced Changes in Interview Patterns: and Neurophysiologic Indices, in Conference on amic A ects of Neurole tic D 3, ed. 3. Sarwer- Linguistic P chc oner in press . 150 Verdeaux, G. and Marty, R.: Action sur L'Electroencephalogramme de Substances Pharmacodynamiques D'interet Clinique, Rev. Neurol. ............._.. 2;: 1.05-4.27, 195a. 16. Andermann, K.: Electroencephalographic Evidence of Personality Change Produced by Ataractic Drugs in Mentally Disturbed 17. Bradley, P.B. and Elkes, J.: The Effects of Some Drugs on Electrical Activity of the Brain, Brain, g9: 77-117, the 1957. 18. Garattini, S. 19. Jorgensen, R.S. and wulff, M.H.: The Effect of Orally Administered Chlorpromazine on the Electroencephalogram of Man, EEG. Clin. ' and Ghetti, V., Amsterdam, .1957. eds.: Psychotropic Drugs, Elsevier, Neuroghysiol. 39: 325-329, 1958. 20. Winfield, D.L. and Aivazian, G.H.: EEG. Changes Associated with Sparine Therapy, EEG. Clin Neurophysiol. $9: 575, Inégnsive 19 . Wikler, A.: Clinical and Electroencephalographic Studies on the Effects of Mescaline, N-allynormorphine and.Morphine inLMan, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 120: 157-175, 19Sh. �-12.. FIGURES 1. Chlorpromazine, oral (male, age 15). 2. Chlorpromazine, oral (female, age 3b). 3. Amobarbital, intravenous (male, age 31). Win-2299, intravenous (female, age bl). flectroconmllsive Therapy (female, age 55). Amobarbital, intravenous (female, age 36). Win-2299, intravenous (female, age 51). �ACKNOWEDGEMENT are grateful for the cooperation of the following laboratories who made supplies of the various psychopharmaceuticals We fully available: Ciba Pharmaceutical Prods. (reserpine), Lakeside Laboratories (JB—318, 336), Eli Lilly 8: Co. (amobarbital), Merck Sharpe 8c Dohme (benactyzine), Riker Laboratories (Deanol), Roche Laboratories (iproniazid), Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (LSD-25), Schering Corp. (perphenazine), Smith, Kline 8: French Laboratories (chlorpromazine, diethazine), E.R. Squibb & Sons (triflupromazine), Winthrop Laboratories (Win-2299) and Wyeth Laboratories (promazine, meprobamate ) . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Published Works Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource EEG and behavioral effects of psychopharmacologic agents. In P. B. Bradley, P. Deniker, and C. Radouco-Thomas (eds.), Neuro-Psychopharmacology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1959, 1: 441-46. 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