http://exhibits.library.stonybrook.edu/mfp/files/original/cda4311bdad6b67d755b69d80816976c.pdf 2b63fbc4853cb463227378ec92424d29 PDF Text Text [Reprinted from THE JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE, Vol. 117, No. 1, Jan. 1953] PERCEPTION OF SIMULTANEOUS TACTILE STIMULI BY MENTALLY DEFECTIVE SUB]ECTS*1' MAX FINK, M.D.;t MARTIN A. GREEN, M.D.§ AND MORRIS B. BENDER, M.D. In studiesof the perception of two tactile stimuli applied simultaneously, it has been demonstrated that patients with diffuse brain dysfunction make errors. They persist in making errors either in re— porting only one of the stimuli (extinction) or in mislocalizing one or both stimuli (displacement). When errors are made in simultaneous stimulation of face and hand (the face—hand test) (I), the errors are in the recognition of the stimulus applied to the hand. The percept in the cheek is correctly reported. This “face-dominance” is apparent on initial test trials of normal adults. Similar results have been obtained in tests of young children. Children under the age of six years respond to simultaneous tactile tests almost with the same frequency of errors as do patients with dif— use brain dysfunction. With these facts before us, it soon became ap— parent that mental age was a factor in the perceptual response. There— fore, a study of the responses of mentally retarded adults with mental ages of young children was undertaken. Simultaneous tactile tests were applied to a group of mentally defective patients, and three aspects were studied: their responses to the tests; the order of dominance; and the relation, if any, to standard psychometric tests. SUBJECTS AND METHOD Fifty—seven mentally retarded adults from the wards of Letchworth Village, New York were examined. They ranged in chronological age from 13 to 41, and in mental age from two years, six months to nine ‘From the Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, New York University College of Medicine and the Neurologic Service of Bellevue and the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York. fRead before the Seventh Annual Convention and Scientific Program, Society of Biological Psychiatry, Atlantic City, May 11, 1952. IThis work aided in part by a Fellowship from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. §Post—Doctorate Fellowship, United States Public Health Service. Work aided, in part, by a Grand—in—Aid #MH-139 from the United State Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. [43] �Max Fink, Martin A. Green, and Morris B. Bender 44 years, eight months. The figures for mental ages were those recorded in hospital records reflecting performance on Stanford—Binet tests; and in each instance, the most recent estimate was used. RESPONSES TO SIMULTANEOUS TACTILE TESTS ON INITIAL AND SUBsEQUENT TRIALS FACE-HAND TEST 100 odul‘l’s wifh orqanic ------------ .. mental sqndrome 0O RESPONSES oO \l O DOMINANT 01 O a! O adult-mentally defective §O FACE PERCENT N0! 00 .. 0 0O 2 3 4 adult-normal 5 6 7 TRIAL NUMBER 8 9 10 showing responses to simultaneous tactile tests on initial and subsequent trials of the face-hand test in adults with organic mental syndrome, normal children of three to six years, mentally defective adults, and normal adults. FIG. I.—-Graph The subject was asked to close his eyes. Following this, he was simultaneously touched on the right cheek and the dorsum of the left hand. The examiner asked: “What did you feel?” If there was no response, the examiner said “Did you feel me touch you” and “Point to the place Where I touched you.” After this test the subject was again asked to close his eyes and the left cheek and left hand were stimu— lated, and the reports recorded. Subsequent tests included stimulation of left cheek and right hand, right cheek and hand, both cheeks, and both hands. This sequence of six trials was then repeated so that a total of 12 tests involving the cheek and hand combinations were carried out. Subsequently, tests of other body parts, as hand—foot, cheek—shoulder, thigh—foot, shoulder—thigh, cheek—foot, and shoulder—hand were intro— duced—four trials of each asymmetric combination and one trial each of the symmetric body parts. The entire sequence of tactile tests was completed with a repetition of trials of the face-hand test. �Perception of Tactile Stimuli by Mental Patient: 45 RESULTS On the initial trial, 98 percent of mentally retarded subjects reported the stimuli incorrectly. Eighty percent reported the face percept only, omitting the percept to the hand, a type of sensory extinctionfi“ The remainder localized the face percept correctly, but mislocalized the second percept to the opposite check, a type of sensory displace— ment. No subjects reported the stimulus to the hand alone or mislocalized the cheek stimulus to the hand. These responses are expressions of “face dominance.” Face dominance was also apparent on subsequent trials of the facehand test. Fifty percent of the subjects failed to localize the two stimuli correctly during the first ten trials. They repeatedly failed to report the hand stimulus or repeatedly mislocalized it. The phenomenon of extinction was manifest in all subjects; while in 46 percent, displace— ment of percepts were also reported. A smaller number (38 percent) showed perseveration of responses, i.e., reported previous stimuli even though new stimuli had been applied to different parts of the body. The phenomenon of allesthesia (mislocalization of a stimulus across the midline to the opposite side of the body) (2) was occasionally observed. Only one patient demonstrated exosomesthesia (the displacement into extrapersonal space) (3). Half of the subjects succeeded in localizing and identifying the two stimuli during the initial ten trials. Their ability to localize the stimuli in the face—hand tests was carried over in the subsequent testing of other body parts. A few subjects, however, after correctly identifying the stimuli of the face-hand tests, made occasional errors during the testing of other body parts. These errors were almost exclusively in a failure to report one of the stimuli; neither displacement or perservera— tion was manifest. In all subjects simultaneous stimulation of homologous regions, e.g., cheek-cheek, or hand—hand, were interspersed throughout the testing. Errors were infrequent on such tests, even in those subjects who made persistent errors on stimulation of asymmetric regions, e.g., cheekhand. Such errors were observed in 15 subjects (26 percent) but only on occasions were the errors in a pattern as seen in a patient with a hemisensory syndrome due to a focal cerebral lesion. Relation to Mental Age—There was a definite relation between the incidence of persistent errors and the mental age of the subjects. Table I presents subjects grouped according to mental age (as determined by standard Stanford—Binet testing) and their responses to simultaneous tactile tests. It will be noted that there is a gradual fall *For convenience in writing we will call this type of response under conditions of double simultaneous stimulation extinction. �Max Fink, Martin A. Green, and Morris B. Bender 46 in the incidence of persistent errors on simultaneous tactile tests as mental age increases. TABLE Mental Age Group (year—month) I No. of Subjects Persistent Errors By 10 Trials 10 10 10 12 10 0 2-6 to 3—11 4—0 to 4—11 5—0 to 5—11 6—0 to 6—11 7—0 to 7—11 8—0 to 9-6 Correct 7 3 6 4 5 2 11 4 7 9 3 1 Relation of Body Parts—During the initial ten trials, face dominance was manifest in all subjects. In the subsequent tests of other body parts, additional patterns of “dominance” appeared. This was represented in the subject’s inability to identify and localize one of the stimuli or to mislocalize one percept in the direction of the second stimulus. As already intimated previously, the locus of the stimulus which is correctly reported is said to be “dominant.” In tests of cheek and shoulder, and cheek and foot, face dominance was observed (Table II). In tests of foot and hand, and shoulder and hand, both foot and shoulder are dominant over the hand. In the relationship of thigh and foot, and shoulder and thigh, both foot and shoulder are dominant over the thigh. TABLE II.——RESPONSES ON MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS TACTILE 57 MENTALLY DEFECTIVE SUBJECTS Total No. of Tests in All Patients TESTS IN .M Body Combination” FACE—hand FACE—foot 576 163 FACE-Shoulder 184 SHOULDER—thigh 170 SHOULDER-hand 151 FOOT—thigh 170 FOOT—hand 231 Incorrect Responses Correct Responses face or hand face and hand face or foot face and foot 315 36 face 64 9 9 or shoulder 15 252 128 face and shoulder 105 shoulder or thigh shoulder and thigh shoulder or hand shoulder and hand 45 12 63 3 foot 42 foot 58 or thigh 1 7 or hand 33 113 85 foot and thigh 11 1 foot and hand 140 *Capitalized letters (under Body Combination) indicate dominant part as manifest by t—test value of 5 percent or less. The differences in the incidence of errors in difl’erent body combinations are largely due to the order of testing and the factor of learning. �Perception of Tactile Stimuli by Mental Patients 47 DISCUSSION These results when compared with those obtained in previous ex— periments show that there is a striking similarity in the performances of patients with organic mental syndrome due to diffuse cerebral disease or dysfunction (4a), to normal children below the age of seven years and to mental defective adults with a low mental age. The similarity lies in the types of responses, the persistence of errors, and in the order of dominance. Extinction and displacement phenomena are frequent in all three groups. The responses are apparent on the initial and on subsequent trials. In addition, allesthesia and exosomesthesia are occasionally ob; served. The subjects in each group manifest an inability to identify and localize asymmetric stimuli, that is, cheek and hand. Symmetric Stimuli, however, as stimuli applied to both hands, are well localized, even by the most mentally retarded subjects, by patients with severe brain dvsfunction, and by the youngest normal child. In every group the errors of localization persist through many trials of simultaneous tactile tests. The subjects are unable to localize the two Stimuli despite verbal clues offered by the examiner, such as asking whether there had been another Stimulus. The errors are present even when the subjects are tested with eyes open. The persistence of errors on repeated trials in the mentally deficient adult, in the patients with mental changes, and in normal young children is in marked contrast to the ease with which normal adults correctly localize and identify the stimuli. The performances of these subjects are illustrated in the graph (Fig. I) which compares the percentage of errors during the initial ten trials of the face-hand test. It should be noted that the curve for the mentally defective adults includes 15 subjects who have a men— tal age of seven or more years (Table I). This will account for the curve being below that of normal children whose average mental age was rarely above seven years. Furthermore, the order of dominance observed in mentally re— tarded subjects is similar to that reported for patients with organic mental changes (4b). Face dominance is seen in all subjects, while the hand dominance is hardly manifest. The other body parts are between these limits. As in patients with organic mental changes or very young children one may be inclined to explain the inability of the retarded adults to localize the two Stimuli as due to “confusion” or “inattention.” Such an explanation is unwarranted because these subjects can perceive and localize symmetric Stimuli and the errors are not haphazard. The �48 Max Fink, Martin A. Green, and Morris B. Bender errors show in a pattern so that almost all errors are in stimuli to the hand and none in stimuli to the face. Furthermore, this pattern persists in tests of other body areas and is similar to patterns described for other groups of subjects (5). A comparison of the observations in normal young children and in the mentally retarded adults reveals a striking similarity in perform— ances when the mental ages of each group are compared. In both groups, there is a change in performance about the mental age of six years. It may be concluded that the face-hand test reflects the same performance ability as the Stanford—Binet test. The face—hand test has validity as a convenient approximation of performance above and below a mental age of seven years. SUMMARY The face—hand test and simultaneous tactile tests of other body parts were applied to 57 mentally defective adults. Their chronologic ages ranged from 13 to 41 years and their mental ages as determined by Stanford—Binet testing ranged from two years, six months to nine years, eight months. On the initial trial 98 percent failed to localize both stimuli and on subsequent trials 50 percent made persistent errors beyond the tenth trial. The errors were made in stimuli to the hand whereas stimuli to the face were correctly reported. Extinction, displacement, allesthesia, and exosomesthesia were observed. These performances of the mentally defective adult to the face-hand test are strikingly similar to the responses of patients with diffuse brain disease and of normal children of six years or less. Furthermore, there is a definite relation between the persistence of errors and the mental age of the subject. It is concluded that the face—hand test reflects the same performance as the Stanford—Binet and has validity as an approximation of performance above and below the mental age of seven years. REFERENCES Bender, M. B., Fink, M. and Green, M.: Patterns in perception on simultaneous tests of face and hand. Arch. Neural. &' P5ycl1iat., 66: 355, Sept. 1951. 2. Bender, M. B. and Nathanson, M.: Patterns in allesthesia and their relation to disorder of body scheme and other sensory phenomena. Arch. Neural. 6' P5yc/zz'at., 64: 501, October, 1950. 3. Shapiro, M. F., Fink, M. and Bender, M. B.: Exosomesthesia or the phenomenon of displacement into extra—personal space. Arc/2. Neural. é‘r Psychiat. (in press). 4. (a) Pink, M., Green, M. and Bender, M. B.: The face—hand test as a diagnostic sign of organic mental syndrome. Neurology, 2: 46, Jan. 1952. 1. �Patients Mental Stimuli by Tactile of Perception 49 in cutaneous dominance of order The B.: M. and Bender, M. M., Fink, (b) Green, perception. Trans. Amer. Neural. Assam, 74: 1952. in Extinction phenomena W.: A. and Schappell, F. M. 5. Bender, M. B., Shapiro, hemiplegia. Arch. Neurol. 6' Psychiat., 62: 717, Dec., 1949. 1150 PARK AVE, NEW YORK 28, N. Y. �~ a!" hfmaulffifig PIIOI?IIOI I! 0' SIIULRAIIOUB 3- _ «- $555!”? ‘ “my“, 1.; -A?» if} iflcllhl ITIIULI IIIIALEY 931301173 BUBJIB!£.* By In: vink, 3.»... Ina-tin A. Green. _ 8.3..” and florria B. Bondar, u.n. «mach-r r“ 3'" a” on Collegp or undicina and tho Neurolozze service of null-vac nouns Sinai Hospital, low York city. ‘. . 9*!h1u vnrk aidod a 1' in part for Infantilc Paralyuin. "M"; by a "‘"‘ " J, 73‘; "u f and tho Ftllauuhsp from the latiennl ronnunt1an . afitPott-Dootortte Fellaunhip, Unitcd States Public fibulth surviec. Hark aided, in part. by n Grantuinind #HH~139 from the United 3t&to Public ahalth Servico. National Inatitutas'ot finnlth. �1. In etudiee or the peroeption of two teetile stimuli applied eieoiteheoueiy, it hee been denohetreted that petiente with diffuee brain dysfunction Ink! errors. Qhey pereilt in liking. errore either in reporting only one or the etinnii (extihetioh) or in nielooeiieihc one or both etiwnii (diepleeeleht). when error: ere eede in ei-aiteneoue stimulation or face and head (the teoe~hend test) (1) the errore ere in the reoocnitidn or the etiluiue eppiied to the head. it. peroept in the cheek it correctly reported. This “reoe—deninanoe” ie eppereht on initial tent triele of aerial edulte. Siniier reeuite have been obteihed in teete or youn‘ children. children under the ene or six yeere reepond to ei-nlteheoue tactile teete eieoet with the eene treeuehoy or errore ee do patients with diffuhe brain dylfunotion. Uith thete flute before’ on, it eoon beoene apperent thet eentei esp wee e rector in the peroeptuei reepohee. Therefore. e study or the reeponeee or mentally retarded eduite with mental egee or young children wee underteken. aieoiteheoue teotiie teete were eppiied to e group or mentally detective petiente. end three eepeote were studied: their reepoheee to the tests; the order or doeinenee: end the reletion, it eny. to standard peyohdletrio teete. am no me neateily on! Pitty~eeven reterded eduite from the werde or Letohworth Viilege, lew York were examined. whey ranged in chronologioei ego from 13 to #1. end in wentei use from two yeereueix nonthe to nine veers-eight nohthe. The figuree tor'uehtei eaee were thoee recorded in hoeoitei record: reflecting pertoreenoe on stenrord~nihet teete; end ih.eeoh instance, themeoet recent eetinete “I “I'd e �its subsoot sss'ssksd to class his oyss. Following this ho sss sinultsnsously touched on tho right ohsok sod tho dorsal of tho loft hsno. rho oxsninor asked: ”tht did you tool?" If thsro uss no response. tho oxssinor sskod "Did you tool as touoh you'.snd-“?oint to the plans shore I touchsd you." Aftsr this tsst the subjsot sss sgsin sokod to class his syss sod tho lsrt ohssk.snd loft hsnd stisulotsd, sud tho rsports rooordsd. subssQusnt tssts inoludsd stmsulstion of lsrt ohssk and right hsno, right ohosk sud hsad, both chooks,snd both bonds. This ssquonoo or six trials sss than rspsstsd so thst a totsl or 12 tssts involving the chuck; Ind hand ounbinstions ssrs carried out. Subsequsntly, tosts or other body ports, on hsod~root, ohssk-shouldsr. thigh-toot, shouldsr-thigh. ohook~£oot, and shouldorvhsnd sore introduced ~ four trials or osoh ssyulstrio oosbinstion sad on: trisl esoh of tho symmetric body parts. tho ontirs musnos or mum tssts omlcm with s rspstition or trisls of the tsoo~hsnd test. m assault: 0n ths'initisl trisl, 98! of nontslly rotsrdod subjects roportsd tho stinuli inoorrsotly. light: psr osnt rsportsd tbs fsos porospt only, omitting the psroopt to ths hand, a typo or ssnsory sxtiuotion.’ so. rssnindor looslissd tbs tsos psrospt oorrsotly, but mislooslisod tho second poroopt to tbs opposits chock, s type of sensory displsosssnt. It subJsots roportsd tbs stimulus to tbs hand olom or nialoosliud musk stimulus to the Fla'Ior dofi§3nisnos in writing so will osll this typo or rssponso undsr conditions or double simultaneous stimulation as extinction. RID Pl; �3._ are unprbtnionn or “race dunintnoa." tact dulinnnn- an: also apparent on subuognlat triuln of rib: flacuhnnd tent. titty per cent at eh. handouts failed to lootliue the two stimuli oorrtetly during the firflt ten trillu. 1hr! rupoatediy thilod to vaport tn. hand atinulun or repoatedly nialoetlized it. 15h: phenomenan at extinction was manifest in all lubaoatsg while in forty~six per cont, displuocunnt or poroupta I've alto reportad. A smaller number (335) shorad perceverutien or runponlon; i.e.,_ri§;r§od previous stiuuli even though now stimuli had hc¢n~aapli¢d ta different part: of thn hady. The phenomenon of cilanthnniu (miulooalisntian of a stimulus across th. nialinn to the opposite 3140 at tho body) (3) was ooaaaiannlly obnorved. Only out phtiant dauonutrltod oxotaneutheuia (the dinplaooaonz into extra-pornonnl npaeo) (3). all! or the number or nubjoota uncooeaed in localising and identifying the two stimuli Grins the initial ton trinlu. Their nhility to 1033113. the Itimuli in tho thee—hand tents una carried over in thn auhnoquont testing or other body parts. A for Inbaoetn, amour, actor aomctly identifying m5. sen-mu at the hem-hand haiku. made oaacaiennl errata during the testing or other body parts. ihole errors flute tlnmut again-ivoly in a failure to roport one ork‘ the stimuli . mum displacement of ”mat-tum Ion unite“. In all subject. sinultanoaul Itiunlation or hauologoun ii rngienl. 0.5. aher-ohnck, or hand*hnnd. wort intoruporled throughout the touting. 3mm mm infrequent on men tutu, «ms in those subject: who and. periisuont error. on neinulction at hand. Ehunu annponnou asymmetric regions, 0.3. chairman. fifteen subjects (26!) but only Mowers were chums! on occasions ware in thc error: in a �#. pattern as toga in t pttiont with n honiuoanory syndrnna dun ta 3 tonal cornbral Ionian. Relation to at." definite relation betunen thu 1nc1denoo or perintent 0mm and thc maul m or the subarea. run- I mount. .ubjootnerupod acaardins to nantul net (at dateruined by utcndard There wan a Stanfordwauant to:t1ns) and their respanaoa to ainultannaua tactile be noted that there in sauna; in the tutu.” It an insidonon or porozatcnt errors.on Innultnnaou: unul m 1mnnfin. mam. m am m; an tactilo test. an th- "$33“ $233.1. 1o 0 14: 7 3 93313:“ f (yrnrdnanthn) to 3-11 Mo to Mn 5-0 to 5~11 10 10 I 5 6.0 ta 6~11 1-0 to 7.41 12 5 7 11 a 9 8-0 to 9-6‘ I 1 3 2-»6 ‘ nolntion of 3352 Pitts! During the initinl ton trials, faae daninnan. was manifest in 311 lubjoata. In the subsequent tent: or ather body parka. ndditionnl pattcrnn of "dominance” appeared. This wt: ruprnutnzod 1n the aubjeot's inability to identity and localize on. of an. utiuuli or to niulooalitn on: poroept in an. dirlotion or thfi Ionand Itinulua.' As already intimated previoutly eh: Lyon: 0: the stimulus which in correctly reported 1: natd ta be ”daminanc". In tent: at check and shoulder. and cheek and fact, face dominance was �5’ obcurvod (Elblc II). In toot: both root and thauldcr at tnxgn It. to tho hand. in.tho rulatzonnh39 thigh. both too: and shoulder are dominant and shoulder and root, daninnnt to tho thigh. and or toot and hind. and shoulder and hand. ‘ BL! 11 alsronsna O! NHLEIPLE 81IULEARIGUS 2ACTILI TESTS BBFIGEIVI sunqsces retal £25: 6nnb1nnt10n' lumber of Toot. in Incorrect All Patient: lACI~hnnd 576 'Acl»foot 163 {AGE-shoulder 184 ‘ 8300LDIR~thigh 170 alonlflll¢hnnd 151 Factuthigh 170 toetuhnnd 231 I! 57 NBNEALLY Carroct Duo. 315 or Rand Rosaenaou Paco 1nd Band Fan. or loot taco and root Faee or Shouldor Rougonaol 36 252 9 128 9 Face and Shoulder 105 15 shoulder and Thigh shouldcr or finish Shouldcr or Hand 3 Shouldgg and 33nd #5 63 12 ‘ 113 Font or fhigh root and Thigh Foot ar Hand Foot and 81nd #2 » (under Body cambination) letterI/indtoatc dominant part *g;pltalilod 63‘ 10.3 17 33 111 1&0 as manxregt by t~toae va1ue of differenaei in tho incidence of errors in airfarent body combination: is largely duo to the order of talking and the factor or lcarning. Ema I ../ �6, amacuggxggg inane reunite when compared with thoae attained in previous experiments then that there in e striking similarity in the per- patient: with organic mental tn diffuee cerebral disease or dysfunction (23). normal children below the use of seven yeere end mental defective adults with e low mental age. The similarity lien in.the type: of reapeneee. the pernietenee 5: errors, and in the order of dominance. Extinction end diepleeenent phenanenn are frequent in all three groupe. Ibo responses are apparent on the initial end an Isabeeeuent triele. In addition, allettheeia and exonemeetheeie are formeneee of syndrome due I oeellioneily obeerved.. the eubJeote in each group unifeet an inability to identity Ind leeelile lay-nettle stimuli. thet is, cheek and hand. Symmetrie ntinnii. however, at etinuli applied to both hands, are well the most nanny named subjects. by patients with very severe brain dysfunction and by the younspnt annual child. In every group the errors or localizatien persist through many trial. of simultaneous teetiie tests. The subject: are unable ta lonelise the two Itinuli despite verbal clues uttered by the whether there had mu another etinuiuu. owner. each The errors are present even when the subjects are tented with eyes upon. The pertietenee of error: on repeated trial: in the mentally deficient eéuit, in the patient: with mental chance: and in annual young children it in marked contrast to the ease with which harnei adults correctly iooeiise and identify the stimuli. The per~ tornnneee or these tubaecte are illustrated in the graph which ieeeiised, even by u mam _ �7:. compare. their our cent error: during the initial ton trials of It Ihould be noted that the curve for the nontally deroctivo adult. includes 15-Iub1003! who have a mental age or 7 or more yuart, (see~!able I). rhia will account for, tho curve being below that or honnal children whose average mental tho race-hand tout. age was rarely above-7 yearn. Further-coo, tho order or conihahce observed in aoutally rotardcd subjects ia similar to that reported for pationta with organic nohtal chahuoa (at). Pace dominance in poem in all aubjeota, while thh hind dominance la hardly annifeat. The other body part. are tetuecn theaa linita. A: in patientc with organic tental chancea'or very young children one nay be inclined to explain the inability or the retarded adults to localine the two utiauli aa due to ”confusion” or "inattention." such an explanation in unnarranhcd hecanaa these subject. can perceive and localite Ion-atria Itinnli and the errata are not haphaaard. The errors shoe in a pattern to that clncut all emu are in stimuli to the hand and none in stimuli to the race. rurtheraore, this pattern per-iota in tecta or other body areaa la similar to patterns daaoribod for other group: of athects (2). A comparison of the ohcervaticna in normal young children and in tho mentally retarded adult. reveal: a striking ainilarity in perforntnoet than the mental age: or each group are oomparcd. In both groupa, there in a chahgc in pcrtor-ahcc about tho mental age or six soars. It may be concluded that the race-hand teat reflecta and the same performance ability an the stanrood~nihot tent. tho race~hahd tent has validity ac a convenient approxmuation at per» formance above and below a mental age of seven yearn. �8. tout and tinnitunnnu: tactila tact. or nth-r body part: unto Ipplioa to 57 noatnlly narcotivc adults. Qatar chronological asst runcpd from.13 to #1 start and taut: anntal yourn-é month. 1303 as dotcrldnld by stanrord~nanot touting rangpd Iran a The facauhnnd ,to 9 yearaufinonthlp Eris} 9&§.tlilod to 1903118. both act-“11 and an oubuogupne grin}: 50! and. persistent error. hoynnd can 0n tbs 131%151 trial. 1h. errors flit! lid. in Itlluli to en. hind whovotl 'auumu so. the has am ”metal: "parka. ‘xxtmouon, dinpnomnt, touch . allalfihosia and oerquIthnuin wort obocrvod. ihnlo parrot-anac0: tbs Inntally detoetivo'aault to an; tacoohand tent at. utrakxngly similar tn the response: of puttcntn with dztruto brain agnonua and of normal children I59 :1: 13:23 or loan. rurthnmnaao, thorn in a dotinihn rclation botuoon tho p02— uittcnno of utter: and tbs anneal as. at tho aubJoot. It 1: con~ gludnd thnt tn. floc-hnnd toufi rotloots ch. sane pgttarllnno as tho senatord~31unt and has validity as tumgpprnximntion or performance V above and below tn. acntal an! or seven yours. �mung 9. ‘ 3.3., rm, I. and «am, Ila rue-m 1n nonunion mm. 1n nimltmeouo tent: or race and hand. ArchJomlJnnzohnt. 1. fig, 355-352. 809%... 1951. 14., am, II. and mm, mm: The raeomand tut u an, a. diagnostic up) or organic mental undress. Inna-019g, g; ‘6“58; m, JW ll... um, I. 1952' and cutaneous perception. m, Mn..mx-.lourol.unoou H.3J The - order of in denim 195:. 7k: 11.3. and summon, HA utter-nu 1n alluthuu mm, than relation to diaerdor or body when and 0th» and unset-i 950. gs: 501615, October, SEAPIRO, ILL, 21m, 14. and mum, 14.8.: nouns-thou: or the plum-anon of dilpllomnt into ours—personal snot. phenomena. Atheurothghiut. , Archmoumhhrqrohut. (in m, ILL, .5. December, 1919. ) Vi crib ./ 7 {(12% 3!!“‘130, NJ. {aha-noun. 1:: 11031910311. ' pan) and WRAPPELL, AMA Minot“!!! Arch.murol.&Pazch1at.. fig; 717-3724. �1% 1139:. 1. Graph gnawing runponnou tugs: ta ninultuniaua tantilo on in1t1a1 5nd subocquant trials of tho in adults with organic mental faoe‘hand test ‘ayndrunn. normal children. age 3~6 yonrt. mantally defective adults and normal adults. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Published Works Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Perception of simultaneous tactile stimuli by mentally defective subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1953 Jan; 117(1): 43-9. Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mfp-02-01-001-9-013 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <a title="Fink, Max, 1923-" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79039548" target="_blank">Fink, Max, 1923-</a>; Green, Martin A.; Bender, Morris B. Subject The topic of the resource Published Works -- Articles and Reviews Relation A related resource The Max Fink Collection Description An account of the resource [Preprint] and reprint. Reprint from THE JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE, Vol. 117, No.1, Jan.1953 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a title="IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED" href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/" target="_blank">IN COPYRIGHT - EDUCATIONAL USE PERMITTED</a> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Special Collections and University Archives, University Libraries. Stony Brook University Libraries (State University of New York). Language A language of the resource en-US Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Published